The goal of this research is to investigate the effect on national democracies of the separation between national party competition, which takes place at the level of member-states, and the authority to make definitive policy decisions, which sits increasingly at the level of the EU. The project examines how three different institutional devices ameliorate or exacerbate this problem: the use of referenda; the use of experiments in deliberative politics (this is a project already in progress in collaboration with Archon Fung); and the change of mainstream national party programs to allow direct competition on European issues.